Toxic effects of ammonia on the survival, growth, and oxidative and immune responses in the Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai

The accumulation of ammonia, a consequence intensive aquaculture activity, can damage cultured animals. We analyzed the survival rates, growth, antioxidant responses, and immune responses abalones, Haliotis discus hannai (mean shell length 70.2 ± 4.9 mm; mean body weight 36.9 3.6 g), biweekly for four weeks, to determine accumulated concentrations ammonia (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 mg/L). In our measurements, rate ≥ 95% was observed all ammonia. specific growth (SGR) decreased at 0.8 mg/L (p < 0.05), but daily increment in (DISL) showed no significant change 0.05). Regarding superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity hepatopancreas increased over 0.2 0.05) two respectively, SOD gills 0.4 weeks. catalase (CAT) > Phenoloxidase (PO) Lysozyme (LZM) Overall, findings indicated that seawater might SGR, H. hannai. Our suggest necessity improvement or reinstallation abalone systems be used assess toxic effects on